低盐和高盐环境下刺参选育品系生长与摄食性能研究

为评价刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)耐盐品系选育效果,以G4、G5代刺参耐盐选育品系为研究对象,研究了其在低盐度和高盐度环境下的生长、摄食和消化生理的变化。结果显示,30 d实验期间,G4代和G5代2种规格选育刺参在不同盐度环境中的生长情况相似,在低盐环境中的末体重随着实验盐度的降低而下降,在高盐环境中的末体重均随着实验盐度升高而下降;G4代盐度35实验组的特定生长率(SGR)为(0.82±0.06)%/d,摄食率(FR)为(3.54±0.26)%,均与盐度31对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),G5代实验组刺参呈现相似规律。在盐度为18~31时,G4和G5代的不同规格选育刺参蛋白酶活力随着设置盐度的降低而下降,最低值为G5代盐度18小规格刺参实验组的1.55 U/mg prot;在盐度31~39范围内,各实验组刺参蛋白酶活力随着设置盐度的升高呈降低趋势,但盐度35、37实验组的蛋白酶活力与盐度31对照组差异不显著(P>0.05);G4和G5代的不同规格选育刺参淀粉酶活力随着设置盐度的变化总体无太大差异;在盐度18~31范围内,G4和G5代选育刺参脂肪酶活力随着设置盐度的降低而下降,其中,盐度18和盐度22实验组脂肪酶活力显著低于盐度31对照组(P<0.05)。研究表明,选育刺参在适应生长、摄食及激活消化酶活力的盐度值范围与普通刺参具有显著差异;G4和G5代选育刺参选育性状稳定性较强,历代定向选育对刺参群体抗逆性状的遗传改良起到了积极作用。     

不同养殖密度对中国明对虾生长和能量代谢的影响

本研究采用网箱养殖的方法,通过室内28 d的养殖实验,在4个养殖密度G1(100尾/ m3)、G2(200尾/m3)、G3(300尾/m3)、G4(400尾/m3)组中,研究不同养殖密度对中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)生长、能量代谢和代谢酶活力的影响。结果显示,G2组的增重率(WGR)、相对增长率(AGR)和特定生长率(SGR)均最高,与G1组相比差异不显著(P>0.05);G3和G4组的体重差异系数(CVW)显著升高(P<0.05),其他生长指标和成活率(SR)均显著低于G1组(P<0.05);G4与G1组相比差异极显著(P<0.01)。随着养殖密度的增加,G3和G4组显著提高了血淋巴葡萄糖(Glc)、乳酸(LA)、丙酮酸(PA)的含量(P<0.05),显著降低了甘油三酯(TG)的含量(P<0.05);G2组4种指标含量与G1组相比差异不显著(P>0.05),而氨基酸含量在不同养殖密度之间变化不显著(P>0.05),表明在密度胁迫下,高密度对能源的需求增加,中国明对虾倾向性利用糖类脂类作为能源。另外,G3和G4组的己糖激酶(HK)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)、6-磷酸果糖激酶(6-PEK)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性均显著升高(P<0.05),说明机体氧化代谢途径发生变化,分解代谢增强。琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性显著降低(P<0.05),表明三羧酸循环活性的降低,进一步表明密度胁迫抑制了组织的有氧代谢。研究表明,G3和G4组养殖密度显著影响了中国明对虾的生长,增加了碳水化合物和脂类利用,抑制了组织的有氧代谢。当中国明对虾为4.5 g时,其养殖密度100~200尾/m3为宜。     

Suitability of enzyme activities for the monitoring of soil quality improvement in organic agricultural systems

There is growing interest in the applications of soil enzymes as early indicators of soil quality change under contrasting agricultural management practices. However, despite there being an abundant literature on this subject, most comparative assessments have been based on a limited number of experimental farms and, therefore, conclusions are not as robust as desired. In this study, we compare 18 pairs of organic and neighbouring conventional olive orchards in southern Spain. These sites were selected to allow the definition of the relative contributions of site-landscape features, soil type, and time since organic accreditation and tillage intensity, on the soil quality. Soils were analysed for physico-chemical properties, the activities of dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, arylsulphatase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, and potential nitrification. The geometric mean of the assayed enzymes (GMea) was validated with an independently performed Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and used as a combined soil quality index. The effects of tillage intensity and time since organic accreditation on the improvement of soil quality were also evaluated within the subset of organic farms. Overall for the 18 sites, contrasted management practices did not differ in their impact on basic soil physico-chemical properties, except for loss of on ignition and available inorganic N which were higher and lower in organic farms, respectively. Organic management resulted in significantly higher soil enzyme activities. However, differences were not significant in some of the paired comparisons when considered individually. This highlights the need for extensive comparative assessment, as in this study, to draw clear conclusions concerning the changes to soil quality under sustainable management practices. The GMea was significantly correlated with the first axis of the PCA and shown to be appropriate for condensing the set of soil enzyme values to a sole numerical value. Soil quality changes in organic versus conventional farms, as measured by the GMea, ranged from −23% to 97%, and was highly dependent on time since organic accreditation (r = 0.88; P < 0.01). On the other hand, tillage intensity clearly tended to delay any progress in soil quality in the organic farms.     

珠穆朗玛峰北坡土壤脲酶和中性磷酸酶活性初步研究

研究了珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区沿绒布河谷海拔4400～5550m的夏季土壤中水解酶类脲酶、中性磷酸酶活性,并探讨了这两种土壤酶与土壤有机质和海拔高度的相互关系。结果表明:(1)随着海拔升高,土壤脲酶、中性磷酸酶活性呈高低波动变化,在研究区域出现多个峰值,总的趋势是上升的,其最大值分别出现在海拔5500m和5450m处。(2)偏相关分析表明,土壤脲酶活性与有机质含量呈正相关,土壤中性磷酸酶活性与有机质含量呈显著正相关;土壤脲酶活性与海拔的相关性不具显著性意义,中性磷酸酶活性与海拔呈极显著正相关。     

Dietary copper supplementation modulates performance and lipid metabolism in meat goat kids

Forty-eight male Lezhi black goat kids with similar body weight ((12.09±1.70) kg) and age ((60±5) d) were used to determine the effect of dietary copper (Cu), in the form of reagent grade Cu sulfate (CuSO₄∙5H₂O), on performance, serum lipid profile, and the relative mRNA abundance of genes involved in lipid metabolism.  Goat kids were stratified by body weight and randomly assigned to one of 4 treatment groups.  Each treatment consisted of 12 replicate pens with each pen containing one goat kid.  Treatment groups received the basal diet with no supplemental Cu (control), basal diet plus 10 mg of Cu kg^–1 of dry matter (DM), basal diet plus 20 mg of Cu kg^–1 of DM, or basal diet plus 30 mg of Cu kg^–1 of DM.  Goats were housed individually in pens and fed a high-concentrate pelleted diet for 60 d.  Average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed:gain of goats were not affected by dietary Cu supplementation (P>0.10).  No differences were detected in serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations of goat kids fed with different Cu concentrations (P>0.05).  However, serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations decreased linearly (P=0.01) as the concentration of dietary Cu increased.  Intramuscular fat content of longissimus muscle increased (P=0.002) quadratically and liver Cu concentrations increased (P<0.001) linearly as dietary Cu concentration increased.  Compared with the control, dietary supplementation of 20 mg Cu kg^–1 DM decreased the relative mRNA abundance of fatty acid-binding protein 4 (P=0.01) and lipoprotein lipase (P=0.05), and tended to decrease the relative mRNA abundance of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (P=0.06) in longissimus muscle of goats.  The relative mRNA abundance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (P<0.001), carnitine acetyltransferase (P=0.001), and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (P=0.001) were also decreased in liver by Cu supplementation.  These results indicate that dietary supplementation of Cu modified lipid metabolism by increasing muscular fat and decreasing serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and the modification might be associated with the reduction of relative mRNA abundance of genes for oxidation of long-chain fatty acid in muscle and liver of Lezhi black goat kids.     

鳞翅目昆虫生物钟的研究进展与展望

经过长期的自然演化,昆虫生命活动和行为中有着明显的昼夜和季节的节律性周期变化——生物钟(circadian clock)。鳞翅目昆虫是当前物种最丰富的昆虫群体,包括蝴蝶和飞蛾约16万种,其中近70%的重要农林害虫属于鳞翅目。而鳞翅目昆虫生物钟的研究进展对于深入剖析鳞翅目昆虫丰富多变的生理行为调控机制,有效开展鳞翅目经济昆虫的生产及农林害虫防治具有重要意义。总结了昼夜节律生物钟对鳞翅目昆虫孵化与取食、生长与变态、生殖与滞育、求偶与迁飞等生理行为的影响,重点概述了鳞翅目昆虫生物钟分子调控机制、生物钟与内分泌激素协同调控机制等重要研究进展,并基于生物钟原理探讨了鳞翅目昆虫与植物协同进化关系及重要生态意义,展望了将生物钟理论应用于农业害虫防治和经济昆虫饲养改良的应用前景。     

安石榴苷和类黄酮对生姜茎基腐病的防治效果研究

生姜(Zingiber officinale Rosc.)是一种重要的香辛调味品且有一定的药用价值,但由于无性繁殖和重茬种植导致病原菌长期积累,严重影响了生姜的品质和产量。生姜茎基腐病是其中严重的疾病之一,目前对致病菌的生物学特性研究较少,而且目前现有的防治措施,存在环境污染和食品安全的问题。基于此本研究拟从莱芜患病生姜植株中分离筛选病原菌,明确其分类种属和致病性特征。同时探究安石榴苷和类黄酮2种外源物质对致病菌的防治效果和生姜植株防御酶和防御基因的影响。基于此本研究从莱芜的发病生姜中分离筛选出7株不同的病原菌,研究结果共发现7株致病菌,分别是Fusarium verticillioides、Fusarium proliferatum、Penicillium oxalicum、Trichoderma longibrachiatum、Nigrospora oryzae、Fusarium solani、Globisporangium spinosum,其大致归属于镰刀菌和腐霉菌属。施用了安石榴苷和类黄酮2种不同的外源物质,探究其防治效果。结果发现2种外源物质对病原菌均有抑菌效果,并且类黄酮的抑菌效果更加显著,在20 g/L类黄酮的施用下对病原菌Globisporangium spinosum、Trichoderma longibrachiatum抑制率可达100%,对病原菌Penicillium oxalicum 、Fusarium proliferatum、Fusarium verticillioides、Fusarium solani、Nigrospora oryzae抑制率分别为63.4%、64.0%、67.9%、70.8%、91.%。。在20g/L安石榴苷的施用处理下对病原菌Penicillium oxalicum 、Fusarium proliferatum、Globisporangium spinosum、Fusarium verticillioides、Trichoderma longibrachiatum、Fusarium solani、Nigrospora oryzae抑制率分别为27.8%、43.8%、100.0%、30.0%、23.3%、62.5%、83.3%。外源物质类黄酮的添加显著增加了生姜植物体的防御酶(过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶)活性和防御基因(PAL、GLU、REF、HMGS、WRKY8)表达,在48h下,不同浓度(20 g/L、10 g/L)类黄酮处理的姜叶中,过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性增高;通过半定量RT-PCR实验发现PAL、GLU、WRKY8防御基因的表达量增加。本研究结果表明类黄酮处理下的生姜植株抗病性显著增强,利用类黄酮来防治生姜病害可成为化学农药的一种替代品。     

蚯蚓纤溶酶组分及其基因的多态性

生化制备证明,蚯蚓纤溶酶为一组含有10个以上同工酶组分的混合酶。为了研究这些组分的DNA和蛋白质序列的异同,本文通过对数据库中已报道的28条蚯蚓纤溶酶基因按相似性进行归类,将它们分为4组（基因型）。同一组中的序列具有共同特征,即保守的N-末端、C-末端和相同的结构域,而且这些结构域在序列中分布的位置也相同;但它们之间在中间部分存在明显差异,这些差异说明了基因型中存在多态性。这种多态性可能是它们在体内溶栓的药理药效作用存在差异的结构基础。     

花生植株白藜芦醇提取工艺优化

为了提高花生的综合利用价值,开发天然白藜芦醇新原料,对花生中的白藜芦醇提取工艺进行了研究。通过对花生叶、茎、根和壳中白藜芦醇含量的比较,选出含量最高的花生根为提取原料,并从5种提取方法中选出纤维素酶法作为花生根白藜芦醇的提取方法。通过单因素试验和正交试验对酶法提取花生根白藜芦醇酶解工艺进行了优化。结果表明:最佳的酶解条件为酶用量为1.6mg/g,酶解温度为45℃,酶解pH值为4.5,反应时间为60min,底物浓度为15%,在此条件下白藜芦醇的提取率是传统提取工艺的2倍。     

镉对黄瓜幼苗光合作用、抗氧化酶和氮代谢的影响

采用营养液培养的方法,研究了不同浓度镉（Cd）处理对黄瓜幼苗植株生长、光合作用、抗氧化酶以及氮代谢相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,随着Cd处理浓度的增加,黄瓜植株生长受到明显抑制,叶绿素a、b、类萝卜素含量显著降低;Cd处理使净光合速率（Pn）和气孔导度（Gs）下降,而细胞间CO2（Ci）升高。高浓度Cd处理显著降低了黄瓜的原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)。10和100 mol/L的Cd处理使抗氧化酶过氧化氢酶（CAT、）愈创木酚过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性均有不同程度的提高,而当Cd浓度达到200 mol/L,抗氧化酶的活性均受到显著抑制。随着Cd处理浓度的增加,硝酸还原酶（NR）、谷氨酰氨合成酶（GS）、谷氨酸合成酶（GOGAT）活性均受到明显抑制。